Love letter writing paper
Paper Topics Based On Social Learning Theory
Tuesday, August 25, 2020
What’s Stifling Creativity at Coolburst
Ordinary the world is changing around us. It is a fundamental piece of development, development and adequacy. Everything from the adjustment in climate, an age, government, or religion influence the manner in which individuals view, think and act in specific circumstances and overall in the public eye. History has demonstrated that inventive personalities can eventually improve a result or even the most exceedingly awful. From broadcasts to mobile phones, McIntosh PCs to IPODs and IPADs, it was the associations of these items that faced a significant challenge in putting into someoneââ¬â¢s inventive thought that influence our general public in general. These organizations have seen a lot of benefits lows and highs through the hardest economy periods, yet they kept on driving forward and thrive through such occasions by considering the domain of plausibility and accomplishing their conceivable outcomes. Be that as it may, what happens when an association stifles the idea of rehashing themselves to adjust to changes in the public eye and even the world? Coolburst is encountering a significant hierarchical battle between what worked for them to get them where they are today and the stuff to keep on endeavoring later on. Coolburst is situated in Miami, Florida. The beverage items that they serve are sold in schools and eateries. The customary perspectives on during business have sent them much accomplishment from their beginnings. They have experience extraordinary development as the years progressed, yet as of late, they net revenue has remained consistently with no boosting deals. Executive of Marketing Sam Jenkins has tested Coolburstââ¬â¢s view and the board on changing their perspective and opening their brain to new thoughts under previous CEO Garth LaRoue. Jenkinsââ¬â¢s new thoughts of efficiency and development were viewed as strange inside the association. At last, Jenkins left the Coolburst to go with an organization that was extremely more enhanced and imagination. Seeing these distinctions of assessments among Coolburst and Jenkins is new CEO Luisa Roberado. Presently, Roberado is confronting one of greatest difficulties yet for Coolburst, what changes can be made to make Coolburst increasingly gainful and greater inventiveness to keep up or even outperformed the interest of a consistently evolving society. Was Jenkinsââ¬â¢s new thought that implausible with the association or would he say he was on to something that can change the way Coolburst works together to rival possible contender? This contextual investigation will investigate why Coolburst made some hard memories tolerating Jenkinsââ¬â¢s thought on making Coolburst better later on, what the association can do to keep with social changes, and how Roberado can actualize and even changed the present belief system of Coolburst and help the organization took advantage of their assets and thrive the organization to the top in advancement, inventiveness, and in overall revenues.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Methodological Rigor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Methodological Rigor - Assignment Example Self-choice creates when there is no portrayal of the examples. The self-determination process offers watchfulness to the subjects to have a place with any gathering without appropriate thought of portrayal (Vogt, 2007). Basically, subjects in the examination can choose the gathering to have a place, or people may appoint themselves. The third danger to legitimacy in quantitative research is the volunteer impacts (Vogt, 2007). The danger creates when people don't give agree for them to be examined. The subjects who take an interest in the investigation give distinctive data from the ones who don't give assent. The correspondence among subjects displays numerous entanglements and can broadly adjust data. Development happens because of additional time being spent in an investigation. History impact is a legitimacy danger since it brings about broadened time being outperformed during an exploration study (Christensen et al., 2011). There are different courses through which the intrinsic legitimacy dangers to quantitative research can be moderated. Vogt (2007) takes note of that it is significant for a specialist to individual allot subjects to particular gatherings to dissuade self-determination. Subjects ought to be screened cautiously to keep away from whittling down impact. History impact is a principal issue that can be managed by guaranteeing that the estimations are taken on each interim. Subjects ought not be permitted to control the procedures of an investigation (Vogt, 2007). Measurable force alludes to the capacity of a test to decide with exactness an impact and the validness of its reality (Black, 1999). Measurable force help in decreasing sort I and II mistakes by effectively deciding presence of a relationship or impact (Black, 1999). In a perfect world, it decreases the off base dismissal of an invalid theory in type I blunder (Peck et al., 2011). Thus, it decreases the dismissal of an invalid speculation since it effectively decides the
Friday, July 31, 2020
Summer Jobs Teens and Young Adults are Working (and Saving!)
Summer Jobs Teens and Young Adults are Working (and Saving!) Summer Jobs: Teens and Young Adults are Working (and Saving!) More Than You Think Summer Jobs: Teens and Young Adults are Working (and Saving!) More Than You ThinkYoung people get a bad rap for being lazy, but a new OppLoans survey shows thats not the case at all. Summer is finally here, and while you might think teens and young adults are all gearing up for some fun in the sun, it seems that most of them are using their time off from school to work.This might be a surprising revelation if youve been following recent reporting around teens and summer jobs. In 2015, Pew Research Center published a study on teen employment that found that less than a third of teens ages 16 to 19 worked during summer break in 2014, down from 58 percent in 1978.To their credit, Pew doesnt think laziness is the reason for this decline. Instead, they cite the fact that fewer low-skill, entry-level jobs exist today than they did in decades past and research that shows todays teens are spending their summers volunteering, taking classes, and working unpaid internships at a rate that far outpaces previous generations.But our recent survey on teens, young adults, and summer jobs tells a different story. Of the 1,000 people ages 14-24 who participated in the survey, a whopping 63 percent said they had a job lined up for the summer. Additionally, our data showed that young people with jobs lined up plan to make an average of $4,037 this summer, of which they plan to save an average of 57 percentâ"or $2,301.We broke down what we learned in an infographic, which you can check out below, and went into full analysis mode after the graphic!Where are the jobs for young people?Unsurprisingly, a quarter of the young people who will be working this summer will have a job in the foodservice industry. This makes sense, as restaurants are a good place to find entry-level work as a host, cashier, or server. Retail jobs came in second at 17 percent, then childcareâ"likely nannying, babysitting and tutoringâ"came in third at 11 percent.See the full breakdown below:Food Services: 25%Retail: 17%Childcare: 11%Education: 7%Social/Recreational Service: 2%Administrative: 2%Sales: 5%Hospitality: 2%Entertainment: 2%Journalism: 1%Manufacturing: 4%Construction: 3%Transportation: 1%Agriculture: 2%Finance: 1%Health Services: 4%Utilities: 1%Professional/Business Services: 4%Other: 5%When it comes to job titles, the most commonly reported was cashier, followed by manager, babysitter, and sales associate.What are teens and young adults saving for?With the cost of living and tuition surging to all-time highs across the country, it should come as no surprise that 45 percent of our survey respondents are saving up money from their summer jobs to help pay for school or living expenses.After that, 18 percent of respondents said they are saving up to travel, 17 percent are saving to have some spending money during the school year, and 16 percent plan to use their savings to help support their families.How are young people getting their jobs?Seasoned job hunters know that findin g employment isnt about what you know, its about who you know. And it seems that todays young people are learning this lesson early: 31 percent of survey respondents with summer jobs said they got their position through a friend or family connection. Job hunting sites came in second at 19 percent and social media was third at 11 percent:Job search site: 19%Craigslist: 5%Friend or family connection: 31%Word of mouth: 10%Social media: 11%School resources: 8%Google: 12%Other: 5%Why are so many teens and young adults working?Well, why do YOU work? If your first answer was money, youre in agreement with 33 percent of our survey respondents, who said their main reason for getting a summer job was to generate income and build savings.Learning came next, with 32 percent of young workers reporting the desire to build new skills, and 19 percent said they were looking to make career connections.Forging new friendships was also a popular reason for spending the summer on the grind, with 15 perc ent of survey respondents saying they hoped to find new friends at work.Which regions are leading the charge on summer jobs?While the majority of young people in every part of the country who took our survey said they would have a job this summer, employment rates varied from region to region.Young people in the Midwest are more likely to have a summer job than young people living in any other region. In fact, 69 percent of survey respondents from the Midwest said they will have summer jobs, at which they expect to make an average of $4,251. Young Midwestern workers plan to save, on average, 55 percent of their income, which comes out to an average of $2,338.In the Northeast, 67% of teens and young adults say they will have summer jobs, and they plan to make an average of $3,159 throughout the course of the summer. While Northeastern student workers might expect to make slightly less than their Midwestern peers, theyre also planning to save more of their summer income: 61 percen t, or an average of $1,927.63 percent of survey respondents living out West will have a job this summer. Theyre expecting to make $3,998, of which they plan to save an average of 59 percent, or $2,359.While people in the South are the least likely to have a summer job (with just 57 percent reporting theyll be working this summer) those who are employed are cleaning up. Southern young people who are employed this summer expect to make an average of $4,319â"the highest expected income of any region. Of that $4,319, they expect to save an average of $2,359, or 59 percent.What are teens and young adults WITHOUT jobs doing this summer?While the vast majority of respondents said they would be working this summer, 37 percent of the teens and young adults we surveyed were job-free heading into the summer. So what will these kids be doing with all their free time? We asked and they answered:29 percent say they will be relaxing16 percent say they will be taking classes16 percent will be stud ying and preparing for the upcoming school year13 percent will spend their time volunteering13 percent plan to travel4 percent have an unpaid internshipand 9 percent say they will be doing other, which were taking to mean skydiving lessons. What else could other possibly be?If you enjoyed this piece and want to learn more about earning extra cash, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:6 Expert Tips to Start Your Side HustleThe Pros and Cons (and Scams) of Trade SchoolNeed Cash Fast? Try These 10 Great Side HustlesWhat was your summer job as a teen? We want to hear from you! You can email us or you can find us on Facebook and Twitter.
Friday, May 22, 2020
Classification Essay - Three Types of Annoying Shoppers
The Three Types of Annoying Shoppers Tires squeal across the hot asphalt; exhaust fumes fill the air. Innocent shoppers leap to safety as cars circle the neighborhood grocery store lot in search of the ideal parking spot. Engines revving. Adrenaline rushing. The drivers sole mission is to obtain a white lined rectangle of pavement before entering the race known as shopping. As a safety precaution, competent and considerate shoppers should be aware of the distinct character traits of the three annoying types of shoppers: Hurry Harry, Suburban Sally, and Picky Pete. Knowledge of their parking-lot-to-checkout-stand habits increases the chance of avoiding a head-on collision. The first annoying type of shopper, Hurry Harry,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Words are finger-painted in the dust on the back window above the bumper stickers declaring, My child is an honor student and Vacation at Disneyland. Sticky, diapered youngsters spill from the van to scramble for a rusty cart which desperately needs a front-end alignment. Suburban Sally, in a loose sweatsuit and pink rollers, unravels a grocery list equal to any childÃâ¢s letter to Santa. She skillfully maneuvers the cart through the maze of shoppers, braking without warning, to comparison shop or to threaten her loud bunch of food guzzlers. With the strength of a two-ton truck, she steers her cart to the finish line. As the cashier rings up her purchases, it is time for her to make one last lap around the store for a forgotten item. Customers sigh as she pulls out coupons and rebates to offset the sticker price. She writes a check and calculates the difference before leaving. A good set of brakes and pl enty of tabloids to read are necessary when shopping behind Suburban Sally. In comparison to her absent-minded habits, Picky Pete, the third type of annoying shopper, appears flawless. Sunlight shines off his latest BMW parked across three spaces farthest from the store; his political statements boldly expressed on the shiny chrome bumper: Dont blame me, I voted for Bush and To err is human,Show MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words à |à 760 PagesScientific Test ............................................................................................................ 539 Retaining Hypotheses Despite Negative Test Results .............................................................. 540 Three Conditions for a Well-Designed Test ............................................................................... 543 Deducing Predictions for Testing .............................................................................................Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words à |à 1617 PagesCONTENTS 60 Core Self-Evaluation Scale 103 Scoring Key 103 Comparison Data 103 2 MANAGING PERSONAL STRESS 105 SKILL ASSESSMENT 106 Diagnostic Surveys for Managing Stress 106 Stress Management Assessment 106 Time Management Assessment 107 Type A Personality Inventory 108 Social Readjustment Rating Scale 109 Sources of Personal Stress 111 SKILL LEARNING 112 Improving the Management of Stress and Time 112 The Role of Management 113 Major Elements of Stress 113 Reactions to Stress 114 CopingRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words à |à 860 PagesFems. After two months of meetings, the committee identified the need for three different stage-gate models: one for information systems, one for new products1 services provided, and one for bringing on board new corporate clients. There were several similarities among the three models. However, personal interests dictated the need for three methodologies, all based upon rigid policies and procedures. After a year of using three models, the company recognized it had a problem deciding how to assignRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judg e (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words à |à 1573 PagesCoaches for Employees 123 Case Incident 1 Is It Okay to Cry at Work? 124 Case Incident 2 Can You Read Emotions from Faces? 124 S A L S A L 5 Personality and Values 131 Personality 133 What Is Personality? 133 â⬠¢ The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 135 â⬠¢ The Big Five Personality Model 136 â⬠¢ Other Personality Traits Relevant to OB 139 x CONTENTS Values 144 The Importance of Values 144 â⬠¢ Terminal versus Instrumental Values 144 â⬠¢ Generational Values 145 Linking an Individualââ¬â¢s
Sunday, May 10, 2020
Green Energy is a Substitute Energy Source - 1720 Words
Introduction ââ¬Å"Greenâ⬠(or alternative) energy is a substitute energy source for fossil fuels. Alternative energy is interchangeable with Renewable energy since the sources that are generated are natural and cannot be exhausted, all of which have minimal environmental impact. Alternative energy sources include solar power, which is acquired from the sun; wind power; water energy, which produces hydroelectricity; and biomass energy, which comes from plants. Due to these sources being free and causing no harm to the environment, they are increasingly being used around the world. The energy sector has been growing, as governments are adapting environmental policies to reduce pollution and welcoming alternative energy sources. Alternative energy has many economic, environmental and social benefits. Economically, alternative energy satisfies the continuous and ever-growing demand and cost of energy. As the world populates and new discoveries are made on a daily basis, energy sources are not only being exhausted, they are also harming the environment, and thus people. Due to the high demand for energy and not so high supply, prices are rising day by day. Alternative energies are the solution to this problem, as their cost ranges from nothing to low. Environmentally, switching from fuels to alternative energy saves our world from impacts such as pollution, global warming and deforestation. Socially, our growing dependence on petroleum from around the world can be risky, as supplyShow MoreRelatedIndustry Analysis : The Oil And Gas Industry976 Words à |à 4 PagesIndustry Analysis: The oil and gas industry is expansive and rather complex industry consisting of oil, fossil fuels, natural gas, oil and green energy sources. Combined the above sources make-up 32% of total energy consumed worldwide. Three sectors define the value chain of the oil industry; Upstream ââ¬â which is the process of exploration and extracting the natural resource, control storage and entail refinement process. Midstream ââ¬â consisting of distribution by pipelines and large quantity shipmentsRead MoreE-on Uk Porters 5 Forces1316 Words à |à 6 Pagesin an industrial context, creating a competitive advantage over rival firms. He divided this concept into five separate entities known as the five forces which can be applied to the energy giant E-on. E-on U.K is Britain s second largest multifaceted energy producer, distributor and retailer providing energy to over 45 million customers, part of the worldwide E.ON AG corporation. Rivalry in the power industry is relatively low in terms of production according to the Power Economics (2007)Read MoreEssay On Green Computing1015 Words à |à 5 PagesGreen IT Green IT, also called as green computing, is the study and practice of creating, engineering, using, and disposing of electronic devices such as servers, computers, and associated subsystems ââ¬â like printers, monitors, storage devices, networking, and storage devices, and communications systems ââ¬âeffectively and efficiently with negligible or no impact on the environment. thus, green IT involves software assets, hardware assets, tools, approaches, and practices which can help to enhance andRead MoreThe Benefits of Becoming Green Essay1583 Words à |à 7 PagesImproving Energy How much energy is used from simply charging a cell phone? Harmful fossil fuels are used to produce most of the energy the world uses daily. Although some people believe that fossil fuel industries are stable, enabling green jobs to produce and manage alternate sources of energy would create a more secure, reliable, and healthy economy. What exactly is a green job? ââ¬Å"The term ââ¬Ëgreen jobsââ¬â¢ encompasses a number of fields, ranging from jobs that increase energy efficiency and reduceRead MoreDaily Food Recommendation1302 Words à |à 5 PagesEnglish muffins as I used to, I should have whole wheat English muffins. Also since I regularly have rice with most of my meals, I can substitute brown rice for white rice. Not only brown rice is a good source of energy, but it is also the best source for vitamins. Since I need to increase consuming more food in milk and grains groups, so in order to restraint my energy intake, I probably need to reduce my meat and beans intakes. In order to understand my daily intakes in each category better, I willRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effect On The Environment1189 Words à |à 5 Pagesas one of the effective ways. Carbon price is the tax on the emission of carbon into the atmosphere than the decided level as well as it is a tax on energy sources which emit carbon di oxide into the atmosphere. It is effectively a tax on pollution (Wright, 2011). However, some people argue that there could be some ways to change the climate like energy conversation and planting trees, these ways could be good but a carbon taxââ¬â¢s environment effects such as reducing the amount of carbon in the atmosphereRead MoreScientific Evidence For Warming Of The Climate System Essay1662 Words à |à 7 Pagesglobal warming is to create products which are more environmentally friendly. These goods are often called ââ¬Å"naturalâ⬠, ââ¬Å"greenâ⬠, ââ¬Å"eco-friendlyâ⬠, or they carry other eco-labels to tell consumers that they are better for the environment than alternative products. When a consumer walks down the aisle of a shopping market they are bound to see various products that claim to be ââ¬Å"greenâ⬠or ââ¬Å"eco-friendlyâ⬠. Many large retailers including Target, one of the nationââ¬â¢s largest retailers, have exponentially expandedRead MoreGlobal Climate Change And Plan Of Action1485 Words à |à 6 Pageshave signed the United Nations Framework on Climate Change and in the year 2000 our country joined on board with the Kyoto Protocol (Ministry of Ecology). Azerbaijan notes that the economy should shift towards relying on alternate resources towards a green economy. Azerbaijan observes efforts taken by neighboring countries in the attempt to tackle on the issues surrounding global climate change. Azerbaijan will continue to fight to improve the conditions in which our citizens are at risk for. Past andRead MoreThe Future of Nuclear Power941 Words à |à 4 Pagesof power needed is expected to increase, and in recent years there has been a great deal of attention paid to the way in which that power need may be met in a manner that is not detrimental to the environment. One of the more controversial power sources is that of Nuclear power. Nuclear power is know to have the potential to provide relativity long term, high levels of power which does not have the environmental costs associated with the burring of fossil fuels (Chu and Majumdar, 2012). However,Read MoreA Common Misconception Of Fossil Fuels1317 Words à |à 6 Pages Intro Although there is a common misconception that fossil fuels will cause pollution, mankind should rely on fossil fuels for energy not only because they are cheap and plentiful, but also because alternative energy is very unreliable. Coal $0.10 Natural Gas $0.07 Nuclear $0.095 Wind $0.20 Solar PV $0.125 Solar Thermal $0.24 Fossil Fuels are cheap and plentiful. Coal costs 10 cents per kilowatt hour compared to the 12 cents to 24 cents of solar panels
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Home Care Housing Hrm Free Essays
This report showing the few HR issues currently faced by Home Care Housing. Over 12 years, Home Care Housing Association has employed more than 600 employees. Among those employees, 40% of them will be male and 60% of them will be female. We will write a custom essay sample on Home Care Housing Hrm or any similar topic only for you Order Now This also proven that there will be no proper ratio in workforces between men women. About 60% of female is placed in certain roles and departments such as auxiliary, nursing and office staffs group but none in the managerial and supervise division. This will be considered as one of the gender discrimination. Some units which transferred from local authority will be faced the issue of variation such in levels of pay, hours of work, shift payments and holidays. Head office staffs have increased rates due to cost of living increasing every year but unit staffs none. Unit staffs working hours per week were longer than head office staffs. Even in term of holiday entitlement, head office staffs also entitled more compared to unit staffs. Shift payments are also different in some units due to long service for nursing and auxiliary staffs. Hence proven again the term and conditions in organisationââ¬â¢s policy was not consistent. Because of the strong philanthropic aspects permeating the organisation so that no redundancies happened in the organisation and manager is given too much of autonomy. Some of the managers have simply decided to increase staff pay across the board which based of yearly budgets or sometimes skipping years. The discrimination issue has been noticed while a complaint has been received from a member of staffs mentioned that one of the manager is biased on the good staffs who willing to follow their instructions by giving them monetary advantages like incentive, increment on pay and non-monetary benefits like preferential shift patterns and extra time off. For those staffs whose are refused to comply will get bad shifts and do not have a rise of pay. Irregularity of reward strategy was happened when the cost of living awards only given to those staffs which unit has been transferred from local authority. The payment structure and reward strategy has been introduced but never been considered by them. Furthermore will be the race and religion discrimination issue which one of a family member of residents of one home has viewed the profile of one staff who took care of their family member was from anti-semetic groups and different races from them, so they refused to let that staff to work for their family member. Besides, another discrimination on age issue occurred when one of the manager has posted few deprecating comments about the senior management of the organisation have been corner cutting some of the care standards. For the employees who joined early days are well motivated and most of them were union members. They had the meeting regularly and persuading the others to join as union member. For the other staffs who are non union member who refuse to comply with unionized manager are treated unfairly and have not been motivated by management. On the other hand, another issue will be lack of communication between the older unit management with their staffs. They may have no regular briefing as other units done and always received a lot of complains and grumbles from staffs in the matter of facilities providing and upgrading. In addition, issue of misuse of social media also occurred in the organisation. The organisation had set up an own ââ¬ËFacebookââ¬â¢ page which provided the company information. Although the ââ¬Å"Facebookââ¬â¢ page was successfully attracted some new clients but some negative news like care home abusing and some heated argument which involved of own staffs participation were posted up in the page. Workplace intimidation was happened as one of the family member of one resident has complaint and blamed the cleaning staff has stolen their resident money. They manager of that unit who want to investigate deeply about the case has been threatened by the family member. The organisation has faced the issue of high employee turnover and difficulty on hiring new staffs. The managers found that the applicants were not suitable and even some of the posts have to be advertised so many time before getting the suitable applicants. One of the manager has done for the survey and spoke to the staffs who have resigned from the organisation, realized that those resigned staffs are leaded to other local organisation not only because of they get higher pay than your organisation but other organisation did provided the training and development programme which lead to their position. The organisation did not have proper essentials to meet the standardization of care quality via care quality inspection. Although the organisation did have own policies but didnââ¬â¢t not meet all this standard requirements. As well as the organisation also lack of individual development plans for staffs as a lot of staff did not have certain working skills and poor supervision of managers. Some of the quality manager did not realised the important of having standardisation to care of quality and commission. And some of the quality manager had told their staffs to follow the standard requirements but they did not have proper check after instructing. How to cite Home Care Housing Hrm, Papers
Wednesday, April 29, 2020
The Effect Of Violations Of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Conditions On T
The Effect of Violations of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Conditions on the Allele Frequency of Drosophila melanogaster Populations Introduction The interaction between genetic variation and natural selection is one of the most important concepts in modern biology. The product of this interaction, evolution, which is a change in a population's allele frequency, is responsible for the great complexity and diversity of life seen on earth today. Allele frequencies of a non-evolving population (one in which the allele frequencies are not changing) can be elegantly modeled using the Hardy-Weinberg theorem. For a population to be at equilibrium, five conditions must be met: 1) large population size, 2) random mating, 3) no mutation, 4) no migration, and 5) no natural selection. Violation of these conditions can produce a change in the allele frequencies of the population under study. Our purpose is to examine the effects of small population size and of natural selection. In this experiment, we will use populations of Drosophila melanogaster to model the Hardy-Weinberg theorem. Drosophila populations are ideal for modeling evolutionary dynamics for two reasons: they are inexpensive, to both buy and maintain, and, more important, have a brief reproductive cycle, allowing several generations to be studied in a short length of time. We will be working with two populations of Drosophila, designated A and B. Population A will be used to examine the effects of a small population (the founder effect). Natural selection will be studied using population B. We hypothesize that the violation of a single Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium condition present in each population will give rise to a specific change in allele frequency in that population. We hypothesize that the allele frequencies of the two A sub-populations will diverge over time, due to genetic drift magnified by sampling error in the A-Small population. We hypothesize that the frequency of the Cy allele will decrease in population B, due to natural selection. In order to test our hypotheses, we will be scoring Drosophila for several generations (F2, F3, and F4). We will then be able to calculate allele frequencies within the different populations. These frequencies will be compared to determine if the populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and if their alle le frequencies are changing. Materials and Methods For a complete listing of Materials and Methods (including the procedures for anesthetizing and identifying Drosophila), see the Biology 220W Lab Manuel. Population A is comprised of wild-type Drosophila and those marked with one of two mutant traits: eyeless (ey) or sparkling-polished (sp). Each mutation is indicative of a Drosophila that is homozygous for that allele. Heterozygous flies show the wild-type phenotype. The Drosophila in population A are first randomly divided in two groups: a small group, containing 10 flies, and a large group, containing all other flies from population A. Note that the population A-Small must contain at least 2 flies from each sex. The number of Drosophila of each phenotype is determined for both the A-Small and the A-Large. The second and third generations are also scored in this manner. Population B is comprised of the F2 generation of a cross between wild type and curly winged (Cy) Drosophila. All flies with the curly winged phenotype are assumed to be heterozygous, as the Cy mutation is homozygous lethal. The number of flies of each phenotype is determined; this is done for each of three generations. In both parts of the experiment, phenotype frequencies are used to determine allele frequencies. Allele frequencies are used to determine if the populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. They are also compared across generations to determine if they are changing. In both parts of the experiment, the independent variable is the small population size (i.e. the violation of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) and the dependent variable is the change in allele frequencies. Results Table 1 presents all data for sub-populations A-Small and A-Large. It shows a total number of Wild-type flies in week 5 as 666. Table 2 presents the results of x2 tests performed to test for the existence of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium within the Drosophila populations. It shows most populations to be far out of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. However, all Small sub-populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in week 1, at a 0.005 level of confidence. Table 3 shows the tests for shifts in phenotype (which is indicative
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